Invokes the Exchange utility (EXCHANGE), which manipulates mass
storage volumes that are written in formats other than those
normally recognized by the operating system.
EXCHANGE allows you to perform any of the following tasks:
o Create foreign volumes.
o Transfer files to and from the volume.
o List directories of the volume.
For block-addressable devices, such as RT-11 disks, EXCHANGE
performs additional operations such as renaming and deleting
files. EXCHANGE can also manipulate Files-11 files that are
images of foreign volumes; these files are called virtual
devices.
To transfer files to or from operating systems that do not
support OpenVMS file organizations, use /NETWORK.
Format
EXCHANGE [subcommand] [filespec] [filespec]
1 – Description
You can use EXCHANGE in two ways. You can work interactively
(within the utility) by entering "EXCHANGE" at the DCL prompt.
This invokes the utility, which responds with the EXCHANGE>
prompt. You can then enter any EXCHANGE command. You must invoke
the utility and use it interactively if you want to execute
more than one EXCHANGE command. However, you can enter a single
EXCHANGE command at DCL level. For example, the following command
entered at DCL level lists the directory of a foreign volume:
$ EXCHANGE DIRECTORY DMA1:/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
When you use EXCHANGE at the DCL level, the utility returns you
to the DCL prompt after it completes its task. If you are using
EXCHANGE interactively, you can return to DCL at any time by
typing EXIT or CTRL/Z.
You can direct output from EXCHANGE operations in several ways.
The command qualifier /[NO]MESSAGE allows you to control the
default display of information from EXCHANGE MOUNT, INITIALIZE,
and DISMOUNT operations. When you use the EXCHANGE commands
COPY, DELETE, RENAME, or TYPE, include the /LOG qualifier to send
information about the files being processed to SYS$OUTPUT. When
you use the EXCHANGE command DIRECTORY, use the /OUTPUT[=file-
spec] qualifier to direct the output to a specified file. If
you specify the /OUTPUT qualifier without a file specification,
the output is directed to SYS$OUTPUT. To send the output to a
printer, use the /PRINTER qualifier with the DIRECTORY command.
2 – Parameters
subcommand
Defines the specific operation to be performed.
filespec
Specifies the device name, directory, and file name for the
EXCHANGE input or output device. It has the following general
form:
device:[directory]filename.filetype;version
device: The device name can be either a standard OpenVMS
device name of the form ddcu: or a logical name that
translates to an OpenVMS device name. If the device
field is omitted for a reference, the current default
device is assumed. When a virtual device is mounted, a
name is created for the virtual device and is used as
the device name in subsequent EXCHANGE commands.
[directory]The syntax of the directory subfield is volume
specific.
filename The name field file specification for an input or
output file. The exact format allowed for the file
name is dependent on the volume format qualifier used.
filetype The extension field of the file specification.
version The version number of the file, if supported by the
volume type.
3 – COPY
Transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output
volume. You can use the COPY command to do any of the following:
o Copy a file from a foreign volume to a native volume
o Copy a file from a native volume to a foreign volume
o Copy a file from one foreign volume to another foreign volume
o Convert the format of the file during the transfer
o Copy groups of files from volume to volume
o Give the output file a different name from the input file
Format
COPY input-file-spec[, . . . ] output-file-spec
3.1 – Parameters
input-file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If
you specify more than one input file, separate them with commas
or plus signs. The syntax for input file names depends on the
volume format option. You can specify standard OpenVMS wildcards
in both Files-11 and foreign file names. COPY supports wildcard
directories for Files-11 and DOS-11 input.
NOTE
The EXCHANGE COPY command does not process search lists as
input files. If you specify a search list as input to the
COPY command, only the first item is processed. For example,
suppose you issue the following commands:
$ DEFINE search_list [directory_1], [directory_2]
$ EXCHANGE COPY search_list:*.* [directory_3]
The EXCHANGE command does not copy anything from directory_
2.
output-file-spec
Specifies the name of the output file, directory, or device
to which the input files are to be copied. If the input is a
single file, you can specify an explicit output name (which is
equivalent to a rename on a copy operation). If the input is more
than one file, the output specifier must be one of the following:
o Wildcards (*, *.* or *.*;*) specifying current default device
and directory
o An explicit device and/or directory for Files-11 output, such
as BB:[EXCHANGE.TMP], with or without wildcards for the file
name
o An explicit device for RT-11 as in DLA2:/VOLUME=RT11
o An explicit device or directory for DOS-11 output, such as
TAPE:/VOLUME=DOS11 or TAPE:[11,132]/VOLUME=DOS11
The output file names are constructed according to rules
implied by the input and output volume qualifiers. COPY does
not concatenate multiple input files into a single output file.
Wildcard directories are not permitted. The syntax for input file
names depends on the volume format option.
You must specify at least one field in the output file
specification; COPY replaces missing fields with the
corresponding field of the related input file specification.
If the input file has no corresponding field, COPY substitutes
null text fields and maximizes version numbers.
The UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current process.
For DOS-11 output in UIC format, EXCHANGE uses the current
default directory; otherwise, it uses the current process UIC
as a directory. You can specify an alternate directory for DOS-11
output in the command.
3.2 – Description
COPY transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output
volume.
You can create multiple output files by specifying multiple input
files. When multiple output files are created, the corresponding
field from each input file is used in the output file name.
If you do not specify a version number for Files-11 output, COPY
applies a version number as follows:
o The same version number as that of the input file, if the
input volume structure supports version numbers and no file
exists with the same name and type
o A version number that is one greater than the highest version
number of an existing file with the same file name and file
type
o Version 1, if neither of the above applies
If you use an asterisk (*) wildcard character to specify the
output file version number, COPY uses the version numbers of the
associated input files (if any) as the version numbers of the
output files.
Note that ANSI-formatted magnetic tapes do not handle version
numbers in the same manner as disks.
EXCHANGE might reformat files during the copy operation. The
defaults for reformatting are dependent on the record and volume
format qualifiers that are attached to both the input and output
file specifications, as well as the type fields of the file
specifications.
The COPY command does not copy a file with the SYS type unless
you specify the /SYSTEM qualifier. EXCHANGE displays a message if
it passes over one or more SYS files during a copy operation.
EXCHANGE does not copy files with the type BAD if the file
specification contains wildcards. EXCHANGE does not display a
message when it passes over one or more BAD files during a copy
operation. Therefore, to copy a file with the type BAD, specify
the file name explicitly instead of using wildcards.
3.3 – Qualifiers
3.3.1 /ALLOCATION
/ALLOCATION=n
Forces the initial allocation of the output file to the number
of 512-byte blocks that you specified as n. The /ALLOCATION
qualifier is valid only for Files-11 and RT-11 output files.
By default, COPY determines the initial allocation of the output
file by the size of the input file. Typically, /ALLOCATION is
needed only when you are creating a contiguous file on Files-11
(using /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS or /CONTIGUOUS), when the input file
is on magnetic tape, or when you want additional space at the end
of the file.
If you specify /ALLOCATION, the file's allocated size does not
change, unless you also specify /TRUNCATE. When you are unsure of
the output size, you might want to specify both /ALLOCATION and
/TRUNCATE.
3.3.2 /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
/BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
/NOBEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the Files-11 output file is to be allocated
contiguously on a "best effort" basis; that is, whether EXCHANGE
will attempt to place the file on consecutive physical disk
blocks. If insufficient contiguous space is available, the file
occupies the largest available contiguous space plus additional
extents as necessary for the rest of the allocation. You can
apply this qualifier only to a Files-11 output file.
The /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy
files to magnetic tape volumes. When you would like a file from a
magnetic tape to be copied contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION
and the /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifiers, because the size of
the file on magnetic tape cannot be determined until after it
is copied to the disk. If you do not know the exact size of the
file, overestimate the size and specify /TRUNCATE (along with
/ALLOCATION and /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOBEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS.
3.3.3 /BOOT
/BOOT[=nn]
Copies bootstrap information from a monitor and the handler files
to blocks 0 and 2 through 5 of an RT-11 volume, permitting you to
use that volume as a system volume. The COPY/BOOT operation does
not create any files on the volume; it is intended only to create
bootable RT-11 systems.
The /BOOT qualifier implies /VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11 for both input
and output specifications. The output device can be omitted, as
it is assumed to be identical to the input device. You cannot
combine the /BOOT qualifier with qualifiers other than /LOG.
The COPY/BOOT command requires that both the input and output
devices be the same volume or virtual device. The file name of
the desired monitor must be specified as the input specification.
RT-11 Version 1.0 through Version 3.0 monitors had the system
device handler linked into the monitor image. For Version 4.0
of RT-11, the system device handler uses the standard device
handler, and the COPY/BOOT command must dynamically link the
handler into the bootstrap area. COPY/BOOT finds the default
handler for the specific device type and merges the handler with
the monitor as it is copied to the boot area.
You can use the two-letter argument nn to override the default
system device handler. The most frequent use of this option
occurs when a diskette is mounted in an RX02 drive, and you want
to create a diskette bootable from an RX01 drive. (The diskette
must be single density.) The default handler for the RX02 is
DY.SYS, and the handler for the RX01 is DX.SYS; therefore, you
would use the command COPY/BOOT=DX to create the bootable RX01
system diskette. Do not specify /BOOT=nn for Version 3.0 RT-11
and earlier systems; instead, choose the monitor file DYMNxx.SYS
or DXMNxx.SYS as the source file.
3.3.4 /CARRIAGE_CONTROL
/CARRIAGE_CONTROL=option
Defines the carriage control attributes of a file, as well as
other attributes of the records. The carriage control options
are: CARRIAGE_RETURN, which implies carriage return/line-feed
control; FORTRAN, which indicates that the first character
of each record is to be interpreted as the carriage control
specifier; and NONE, which indicates that carriage control is
not implied.
The default is /CARRIAGE_CONTROL=CARRIAGE_RETURN.
3.3.5 /CONTIGUOUS
/CONTIGUOUS
/NOCONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the copied file is to be contiguous; that is,
stored on consecutive physical blocks on an output disk volume.
The /CONTIGUOUS qualifier is valid only for Files-11 output
files.
The /CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy files to
magnetic tape volumes. When you would like a file from a magnetic
tape to be copied contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION and
/CONTIGUOUS qualifiers because the size of the file on magnetic
tape cannot be determined until after it is copied to the disk.
If you do not know the exact size of the file, overestimate the
size and specify the /TRUNCATE qualifier (along with /ALLOCATION
and /CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOCONTIGUOUS.
3.3.6 /DELETE
/DELETE
/NODELETE
Controls whether COPY deletes existing files of the same name
during the copy operation. This qualifier is valid for RT-
11 output only; it is equivalent to the RT-11 COPY command
qualifier /REPLACE. In fact, you can use the EXCHANGE COPY
command qualifier /REPLACE to control file deletion, although
its function differs from that of /DELETE (see the description of
the /REPLACE qualifier for details on its function).
If you want a message displayed when you delete a file, include
the /LOG qualifier in your command. To prevent automatic file
deletion, use /NODELETE.
The default is /DELETE. Files with the same name as the output
file name are deleted after the new file has been copied.
3.3.7 /EXTENSION
/EXTENSION=n
Specifies the number of blocks to be added to the output file
each time the file is extended. This qualifier is valid for
Files-11 output files only.
EXCHANGE determines the default extension according to the
following hierarchy:
1. An explicit value specified on the /EXTENSION qualifier
2. The current process default extension value set by the command
SET RMS_DEFAULT
3. The current system default extension value set at system
generation or with the SET RMS_DEFAULT/SYSTEM command
Use the /EXTENSION qualifier to set an extension quantity with
magnetic tape input; EXCHANGE preallocates a file of the correct
size when the input is on a directory-structured-device.
3.3.8 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether the EXCHANGE command COPY displays the file
specifications of each file copied. If you specify /LOG, the
system displays the following data for each copy operation:
the file specifications of the input and output files, and the
number of blocks or the number of records copied (depending on
whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or record-by-
record basis). The default is /NOLOG.
3.3.9 /PROTECT
/PROTECT
/NOPROTECT
Determines whether protection is set for an RT-11 output file.
The owner UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current
process. This qualifier is not valid for Files-11 or DOS-11
output files. Protection attributes for Files-11 output are taken
from the current process default protection.
EXCHANGE does not attempt to transfer protection attributes from
the input file to the output file, because protection mechanisms
of various operating systems do not readily translate to one
another.
The default is /NOPROTECT.
3.3.10 /RECORD_FORMAT
/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, . . . ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file, as well as other
attributes of the records.
3.3.11 /REPLACE
/REPLACE
/NOREPLACE
Requests that if an RT-11 output file already exists with the
same file specification as that entered for the output file, the
existing file is to be deleted before the copy proceeds. COPY
allocates new space for the output file. The /REPLACE qualifier
is valid for RT-11 output only; it is equivalent to the RT-11
COPY command qualifier /PREDELETE.
By default, COPY creates the new file first and then, after the
copy operation is done, deletes the previous file. However, when
you use /REPLACE, COPY deletes the previous file before it copies
the new file. This can be a problem if the input file has been
corrupted because the previous version of the file will have been
deleted. Therefore, you should use /REPLACE only when there is
insufficient room for two copies of the file.
3.3.12 /REWIND
/REWIND
/NOREWIND
Determines whether a DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically
rewinds to the beginning-of-tape mark (BOT) before EXCHANGE
searches for the file name specified in the input specifier. This
qualifier is valid for DOS-11 magnetic tape only. The default is
/NOREWIND.
Use the /REWIND qualifier when you want COPY to search for a file
from the logical beginning of the magnetic tape, instead of from
the current physical position of the tape.
3.3.13 /START_BLOCK
/START_BLOCK=[n]
For RT-11 volumes, specifies the logical block number where the
file is to be placed. This qualifier is especially useful with
TU58 tape cassettes, because performance can be significantly
enhanced by careful placement of files.
3.3.14 /SYSTEM
/SYSTEM
/NOSYSTEM
Controls whether the COPY command copies files that have the file
type SYS. Files with a file type of SYS are usually necessary for
the operation of an RT-11 system. Only RT-11 volumes handle SYS
files in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the COPY command does not copy an
RT-11 file with the type SYS, whether matched by a wildcard
specification or explicitly named. EXCHANGE displays a message
whenever it skips over a SYS file during a copy operation.
3.3.15 /TRANSFER_MODE
/TRANSFER_MODE=option
Specifies the I/O method to be used in a transfer. This qualifier
is useful for all volume formats.
Option Function
AUTO Select BLOCK transfer for efficiency if possible
BLOCK Transfer block by block without looking at records
RECORD Transfer record by record
The default is the AUTOMATIC transfer mode. In AUTOMATIC mode,
EXCHANGE attempts to use a BLOCK transfer whenever possible.
BLOCK transfers are possible between RT-11 volumes or between
RT-11 and DOS-11 volumes, since the internal file structures are
identical. AUTOMATIC does not use the BLOCK transfer if either
file specification contains a /RECORD_FORMAT qualifier.
A BLOCK transfer moves data between devices. Since no
interpretation is done on the data, BLOCK transfers are more
efficient than RECORD transfers. The block sizes on both devices
must be identical. Both input and output must be in BLOCK format.
Specifying BLOCK on one parameter implies BLOCK for the other
file or device specification.
A BLOCK transfer produces an exact copy of the file. If the
output device is Files-11, the file will be a sequential
file with fixed-length 512-byte records. This feature is used
primarily to avoid any interpretation of the data during the
transfer. If the Files-11 file is a sequential file with 512-byte
fixed-length records, there is no difference between a /TRANSFER_
MODE=BLOCK transfer and a /RECORD=FIXED=512 transfer.
A RECORD transfer moves the data record by record. A RECORD
transfer requires more time than a BLOCK transfer, but it must
be used if the input and output record structures differ.
When the /LOG qualifier is used in a COPY command, EXCHANGE
displays the size of the file that was transferred. If BLOCK
mode was used, the message gives the file size as the number of
blocks transferred. If RECORD mode was used, the message displays
the number of records.
3.3.16 /TRUNCATE
/TRUNCATE
/NOTRUNCATE
Controls whether COPY truncates an output file at the end-of-
file when copying it. The default is /NOTRUNCATE; COPY uses the
allocation of the input file to determine the size of the output
file.
3.3.17 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The
default format qualifier is dependent on the device type.
If used, volume format qualifiers must be attached to one or
both of the file specification parameters; you cannot attach them
directly to the command. A volume format qualifier determines the
format of the file name and directory specifications, and often
implies certain defaults.
3.4 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> COPY TEST.DAT DYA0:NEWTST.DAT/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
The command in this example copies the contents of the file
TEST.DAT from the default disk and directory into a file named
NEWTST.DAT on an RT-11 diskette (mounted on DYA0). If a file
named NEWTST.DAT already exists, the COPY command replaces it.
The record formats are variable length on the Files-11 input
and ASCII stream on the RT-11 output.
2.EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG TEST.DAT DYA0:NEWTST.DAT
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of DYA0:NEWTST.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]TEST.DAT;5
copied to DYA0:NEWTST.DAT, 93 records
The command in this example is the same as in the preceding
example, except that the /LOG qualifier is included so that
the actions of the command are displayed. The /VOLUME_FORMAT
qualifier is omitted; EXCHANGE defaults to RT-11 format for the
foreign mounted diskette. Since a file named NEWTST.DAT already
exists on the diskette (from the command in the previous
example), the first copy of the file is deleted after the
second copy is successfully transferred.
3.EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG LARGE.DAT DYA0:/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYA0:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-W-RTOUTEOF, end-of-file on output _DYA0:LARGE.DAT,
insufficient space on volume
%EXCHANGE-I-PARTCOPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 partially copied to
_DYA0:LARGE.DAT, 1670 records
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG/REPLACE LARGE.DAT DYA0:/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYA0:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 copied to
_DYA0:LARGE.DAT, 3288 records
The first command in this example fails because there is
insufficient space on DYA0 for EXCHANGE to do a normal copy
(that is, to copy the file into a temporary file on DYA0,
delete the existing file of the same name, and then rename
the temporary file).
The second command in this example includes the /REPLACE
qualifier, which directs COPY to delete an existing version of
the output file before copying the new file. The first message
generated by this command indicates that EXCHANGE has deleted
an existing file. The second message indicates that the copy
operation has successfully completed.
4.EXCHANGE> COPY MTA0:[11,132]*.COM/VOLUME_FORMAT=DOS11 [FRED.TEMP]
The command in this example copies all files with the file type
COM owned by UIC [11,132] to the subdirectory [FRED.TEMP]. The
default DOS-11 record format is STREAM. The default Files-11
record format is VARIABLE.
5.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT DYA0:RT11SJ.SYS DYA0:
The COPY/BOOT command in this example makes the diskette
mounted on the RX02 drive DYA0 a bootable RT-11 system.
Bootstrap information is written to the volume using the RT-11
single job monitor RT11SJ.SYS and the system device handler
DY.SYS. The diskette can be formatted in single or double
density.
6.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT=DX DYA0:RT11SJ.SYS DYA0:
As in the previous example, the COPY/BOOT command in this
example makes the diskette mounted on the RX02 drive DYA0 a
bootable RT-11 system. In this example, however, the system
device handler is DX.SYS, the RX01 diskette handler. The
diskette must be formatted in single density in order to boot
on the RT-11 system.
7.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT CSA1:CONSOL.SYS
The command in this example writes bootstrap information on the
console storage device on a VAX processor.
8.EXCHANGE> COPY DMA0:FROG.DAT/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11-
_EXCHANGE> /RECORD=STREAM FROG4JUN.DAT/RECORD=(FIXED=80,PAD=" ")
The command in this example copies an ASCII stream file (the
default) from an RT-11 volume to the current default device and
directory. The output contains fixed-length records that are
padded to 80 bytes with the space character.
4 – DELETE
Deletes one or more files from a foreign block-addressable mass
storage volume. EXCHANGE does not delete files from Files-11
volumes; the DELETE command is supported only on RT-11 volumes.
Format
DELETE file-spec[, . . . ]
4.1 – Parameter
file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more files to be deleted. You can
specify wildcard characters in any of the file specification
fields.
To delete more than one file, separate the file specifications
with commas or plus signs.
The DELETE command does not delete a file with the SYS type
unless you specify the /SYSTEM qualifier. EXCHANGE displays a
message if it passes over one or more SYS files during a delete
operation.
EXCHANGE does not delete files with the type BAD if the file
specification contains wildcards. When this happens, you will not
receive a warning. Therefore, to delete files with the type BAD,
enter their file specifications explicitly.
4.2 – Qualifiers
4.2.1 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether the DELETE command displays the file
specification of each deleted file. The default is /NOLOG.
4.2.2 /SYSTEM
/SYSTEM
/NOSYSTEM
Controls whether the DELETE command deletes files with the file
type .SYS. Files with the type .SYS are usually necessary for
the operation of an RT-11 system. Only RT-11 volumes handle .SYS
files in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the DELETE command does not delete
an RT-11 file with the .SYS type, whether matched by a wildcard
specification or explicitly named. EXCHANGE displays a message
whenever it skips a SYS file during a delete operation.
4.2.3 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. RT-
11 volumes are the only volumes on which DELETE is currently
supported.
4.3 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> DELETE DMA0:COMMON.SUM/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
The command in this example deletes the file COMMON.SUM from
the RT-11 device DMA0.
2.EXCHANGE> DELETE DXA0:*.OLD
The command in this example deletes all files with the file
type OLD from the diskette.
3.EXCHANGE> MOUNT /VIRTUAL TEST: TEST.DSK/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11
EXCHANGE> DELETE TEST:ALPHA.TXT,BETA.TXT
The command in this example deletes the files ALPHA.TXT and
BETA.TXT from the virtual device file TEST.DSK.
5 – DIRECTORY
Provides a list of files or information about a file or group of
files. The files must reside on a foreign volume; EXCHANGE does
not list directories of Files-11 volumes.
Format
DIRECTORY [file-spec[, . . . ]]
5.1 – Parameters
file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies one or more files to be listed. The /VOLUME_FORMAT
qualifier determines the syntax of a file specification.
To specify more than one file, separate the file specifications
with either commas or plus signs. You can use wildcard characters
in the directory specification, file name, file type, or version
number fields of a file specification.
5.2 – Description
The output of the DIRECTORY command depends on the volume format
and on certain formatting qualifiers and defaults. The following
are the formatting qualifiers:
/ALL /BLOCKS /BRIEF /COLUMNS /DATE
/FULL /OCTAL /OWNER /SIZE
The files that are listed always appear in the order in which
they appear in the volume directory or the order in which they
reside on a magnetic tape.
5.3 – Qualifiers
5.3.1 /ALL
/ALL
/NOALL
Lists all deleted or unused files on an RT-11 volume, in addition
to other files selected by the command. For example, the
following command lists all MACRO source files, in addition to
deleted and unused files:
EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY DMA0:*.MAC/ALL
5.3.2 /BADBLOCKS
/BADBLOCKS
/NOBADBLOCKS
Scans the volume to find any blocks that return read errors. The
data on the volume is not modified. If a bad block replacement
table is present, the contents of the table are displayed. This
is valid for RT-11 volumes only.
5.3.3 /BLOCKS
/BLOCKS
/NOBLOCKS
Lists the starting block number of the file. This qualifier is
valid only for directories of RT-11 devices. The first block of
the device is block number 0. The default is /NOBLOCKS.
5.3.4 /BRIEF
/BRIEF
/NOBRIEF
Includes only the file name of each file to be listed. Specifying
the /BRIEF qualifier is equivalent to specifying /NODATE/NOSIZE.
The default is /BRIEF.
5.3.5 /COLUMNS
/COLUMNS=n
Lists the files, using the specified number of columns on each
line of the display. This qualifier is used in conjunction with
the /BRIEF qualifier (either explicitly or by default). The
default number of columns is dependent on the volume format and
the information requested. The DIRECTORY command attempts to use
as many columns as possible. If you request too many columns,
DIRECTORY displays a message and reduces the number of columns to
the number that fit on the listing.
5.3.6 /DATE
/DATE
/NODATE
Includes the date for each file listed. If you omit this
qualifier, the default is /DATE.
5.3.7 /DELETED
/DELETED
/NODELETED
Lists a directory of files that have been deleted from an RT-11
device, but whose file name information has not been destroyed.
The listing includes the file names, types, sizes, creation
dates, and starting block numbers (in decimal, unless you also
specify the /OCTAL qualifier) of the deleted files. The /DELETED
qualifier is valid only with block-addressable volumes in RT-11
format. The default is /NODELETED.
5.3.8 /FREE
/FREE
/NOFREE
Includes unused areas in the directory listing. The /FREE
qualifier is valid only with RT-11 formatted volumes.
5.3.9 /FULL
Lists all the available information for each file. The format
of the listing depends on the format of the volume. The /FULL
qualifier overrides the default brief listing format.
5.3.10 /OCTAL
/OCTAL
/NOOCTAL
Controls whether numeric information is displayed in decimal or
octal format. The default is /NOOCTAL; numbers are displayed in
decimal radix. Dates are always displayed in decimal format.
5.3.11 /OUTPUT
/OUTPUT[=file-spec]
Writes the DIRECTORY output to a specified file, rather than
to the current SYS$OUTPUT device. If you specify the /OUTPUT
qualifier without a file specification, the output is directed to
SYS$OUTPUT. If you omit the file type in the file specification,
the default file type is .LIS. If you specify a file type
and omit the file name, the default file name is EXCHDIRE. No
wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification.
5.3.12 /OWNER
Displays information about the owner of a volume and the files on
the volume. For RT-11, the volume owner is shown. For DOS-11, the
UIC of the file owner is shown.
5.3.13 /PRINTER
Queues the command output for printing under the name specified
by the /OUTPUT qualifier. If you specify /PRINTER without
the /OUTPUT qualifier, the output is directed to a file named
EXCHDIRE.LIS, which is spooled for printing and then deleted.
5.3.14 /SIZE
/SIZE
/NOSIZE
Displays the file size in blocks for each file listed. The
default is /SIZE.
5.3.15 /SUMMARY
/SUMMARY
/NOSUMMARY
Lists a summary of the usage of the directory segments for an
RT-11 volume. If a bad block replacement table is present, the
contents of the table are displayed.
5.3.16 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The
default format is dependent on the device type.
The EXCHANGE command DIRECTORY is not valid for Files-11 devices.
5.4 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY DLA2:.OBJ/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11/FULL
The command in this example lists all files with the type .OBJ
on the RT-11 volume mounted on DLA2. The /FULL qualifier causes
the file sizes and dates to be listed along with the names.
2.EXCHANGE> DIRECTORY MFA0:/VOLUME_FORMAT=DOS11
The command in this example lists all files on the DOS-11
magnetic tape mounted on MFA0. The magnetic tape is rewound
before the files are listed.
6 – DISMOUNT
Releases a volume previously accessed by the EXCHANGE command
MOUNT.
Format
DISMOUNT device-name[:]
6.1 – Parameters
device-name[:]
Specifies the name of the device to be dismounted. You can
specify a physical device name or a logical name assigned to
a physical device name. If you omit a controller designation
or a unit number, the defaults are controller A and unit 0,
respectively. You can also specify the name of a virtual device.
6.2 – Description
The DISMOUNT command closes all connections that EXCHANGE
maintains to the device. This command does not affect the state
of the operating system mount; the device remains accessible
to OpenVMS. If you do not use the DISMOUNT command, an implicit
DISMOUNT is automatically executed when you exit EXCHANGE.
The DISMOUNT command is valid only with foreign devices.
6.3 – Qualifiers
6.3.1 /MESSAGE
/MESSAGE
/NOMESSAGE
Controls whether or not EXCHANGE displays a message that the
volume was dismounted. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE
qualifier on the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was activated.
6.4 – Example
EXCHANGE> MOUNT/FOREIGN MTA0:
EXCHANGE> COPY MTA0:AVERAGE.FOR/VOLUME_FORMAT=DOS11 *
EXCHANGE> DISMOUNT MTA0:
The first command in this example mounts the tape on the device
MTA0. The second command in this example transfers a file from
the magnetic tape to the current default directory. The last
command releases EXCHANGE's access to the volume; however,
the volume is still mounted on the operating system and is
accessible to OpenVMS.
7 – EXIT
Terminates execution of EXCHANGE. Control is returned to the DCL
command level. You can also use CTRL/Z to exit EXCHANGE.
Format
EXIT
8 – HELP
Displays information about EXCHANGE commands and qualifiers.
Format
HELP [command [qualifier [option [option]]]]
8.1 – Parameters
command
Specifies the name of the EXCHANGE command that you want
information about. If you omit the command, HELP displays general
information listing all commands recognized by EXCHANGE.
qualifier
Gives the name of the qualifier to be explained.
option
Gives the name of the option to be explained.
8.2 – Description
For an overview of EXCHANGE and a listing of the EXCHANGE command
names, enter the HELP command with no arguments.
If you enter HELP and the name of an EXCHANGE command, HELP
displays a description of the command followed by a list of
related qualifiers. For information on any of the related
qualifiers, enter the qualifier name at the prompt.
You can also obtain information on any EXCHANGE command qualifier
by entering HELP, the command, and the qualifier at the EXCHANGE
prompt, as follows:
EXCHANGE> HELP COPY/CONTIGUOUS
For information on a qualifier with options, enter HELP, the
command, the qualifier, and the option at the EXCHANGE prompt.
If you specify an asterisk (*) in place of any keyword, the HELP
command displays all information available at that level.
If you specify an ellipsis ( . . . ) after any keyword, the HELP
command displays all information relating to that keyword.
You can specify percent signs and asterisks in the keyword as
wildcard characters.
8.3 – Example
EXCHANGE> HELP COPY/VOLUME_FORMAT
The command in this example displays the help that is available
for the COPY qualifier /VOLUME_FORMAT.
9 – INITIALIZE
Formats and writes a label on a foreign mass storage volume.
For directory-structured devices, the device directory is also
initialized.
Format
INITIALIZE device-name [volume-label]
INITIALIZE/CREATE file-name [volume-label]
9.1 – Parameters
device-name
Specifies the name of the device on which the volume to be
initialized is physically mounted.
The device name can also refer to the name of a mounted virtual
device to be reinitialized.
file-name
For INITIALIZE/CREATE, file-name refers to the name of a file to
be created and initialized as a virtual device.
volume-label
Specifies the identification to be written onto the volume header
for RT-11 volumes only. The volume label can contain up to a
maximum of 12 alphanumeric characters. The default is OpenVMS
Exchange. Use quotation marks to specify a volume label with
lowercase letters.
9.2 – Description
The EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE erases all files from a volume.
After initialization, the volume directory contains no files.
DOS-11 magnetic tapes and RT-11 block-addressable devices can be
initialized.
The device must be mounted with the /FOREIGN qualifier.
9.3 – Qualifiers
9.3.1 /ALLOCATION
/ALLOCATION=n
Specifies the allocation of a new virtual device file in terms
of 512-byte blocks. The allocation specified is the number you
entered as n. If you do not specify the /ALLOCATION qualifier
when you create a new virtual device file, the default allocation
is 494 blocks, the size of a single-density diskette. The maximum
allocation is 65,536 blocks.
A virtual device file is usually the size of a standard device
supported by both RT-11 and OpenVMS. These sizes are as follows:
Device Blocks
TU58 512
RX01 494
RX02 494 (single density)
RX50 800
RX02 988 (double density)
RX33 2400
RL02 20480
RK06 27126
RK07 53790
You can also use the /ALLOCATION qualifier to reduce the size
of a physical device. For example, if you want to prepare
an RL02 disk but have only an RK07 device available, you can
initialize the RK07 to a volume of 20,480 blocks. When the RL02
is available, you can transfer the files to the RL02 knowing they
will fit on the smaller device.
9.3.2 /BADBLOCKS
/BADBLOCKS[=RETAIN]
Performs a bad block scan of the volume before initialization. A
file named FILE.BAD is created on top of each bad block or group
of bad blocks encountered on the device, preventing any future
use of the bad areas.
If a bad block is found in either the boot block or the volume
directory, the volume is not usable and EXCHANGE displays
an error message. If the bad block is in a directory segment
other than the first, you might be able to use the volume by
reinitializing it with a smaller number of segments (see the
/SEGMENTS qualifier description).
If you specify /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN, EXCHANGE uses the device's
existing bad block information, instead of performing a bad block
scan. Therefore, initializing takes less time. If you do not
specify RETAIN, EXCHANGE writes a pattern on each block of the
volume, then reads each block to verify that the block is usable.
EXCHANGE prints a list of the bad blocks found on the device.
RK06, RK07, and RL02 disk volumes support bad block replacement.
Therefore, HP recommends that you use the /REPLACE=RETAIN
qualifier for these volumes. If you use the /BADBLOCKS qualifier
with a volume initializied previously with the /REPLACE
qualifier, EXCHANGE deletes the bad block replacement table and
performs a new bad block scan. If you use /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN with
such a volume, EXCHANGE uses the FILE.BAD files created during
the volume initialization.
9.3.3 /CREATE
Specifies that a virtual device is to be created and initialized.
The specification is a file name; if a file type is not given,
EXCHANGE applies the default type of DSK.
9.3.4 /DENSITY
/DENSITY=density-value
Specifies, for magnetic tape volumes, the density in bytes per
inch (bpi) at which the tape is to be written.
For magnetic tape volumes, the density value specified can be 800
or 1600, as long as the density is supported by the magnetic tape
drive. If you do not specify a density value for a blank tape,
the system uses a default of the lowest density supported by the
tape drive.
For the RX02 dual-density diskette drive, use the DCL command
INITIALIZE/DENSITY=SINGLE or INITIALIZE/DENSITY=DOUBLE to
reformat the diskettes to a different density; then use the
EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE to create the RT-11 directory
structure.
NOTE
Diskettes formatted in double density cannot be read or
written by the console block storage device (an RX01 drive)
of a VAX-11/780 until they have been reformatted in single
density.
9.3.5 /EXTRA_WORDS
/EXTRA_WORDS=n
Specifies, for RT-11 volumes, the number of extra words to add
to each directory entry, in addition to the required seven words.
The ability to increase the length of directory entries is useful
for some RT-11 applications. Increasing the size of the directory
entries reduces the number of entries that fit in each directory
segment.
9.3.6 /MESSAGE
/MESSAGE
/NOMESSAGE
Controls whether or not EXCHANGE displays a message that the
volume was initialized. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE
qualifier entered with the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was
activated.
9.3.7 /REPLACE
/REPLACE=RETAIN
Retains, when an RT-11 volume is initialized, the bad block
replacement table and any existing FILE.BAD files.
The RETAIN option is required; EXCHANGE cannot build a
replacement table for a volume. The RT-11 system builds and
uses the table based on specific hardware error conditions. The
OpenVMS I/O system is different, and cannot be relied upon to
generate exactly the same error conditions. Therefore, it is not
possible for EXCHANGE to generate the same replacement table that
would be generated by RT-11.
If no replacement table is present, the qualifier /REPLACE=RETAIN
is equivalent to /BADBLOCKS=RETAIN.
9.3.8 /SEGMENTS
/SEGMENTS=n
Defines, for RT-11 volumes, the number of 2-block directory
segments to allocate for the directory. The number of segments
in the directory establishes the number of files that can be
stored on a device. The system allows a maximum of 72 files
per directory segment and 31 directory segments per device. The
argument n represents the number of segments; the valid range for
n is from 1 to 31 (decimal). The default values for n depend on
the device type, as follows:
Device Segments
TU58 1
RX01 1
RX02 1 (single density)
RX02 4 (double density)
RX50 4
RX33 16
RL02 16
RK06 16
RK07 31
9.3.9 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed.
The EXCHANGE command INITIALIZE is not valid for Files-11
devices.
9.4 – Examples
1.$ MOUNT/FOREIGN DLA2:
%MOUNT-I-MOUNTED, mounted on DLA2
$ EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE DLA2:
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume _DLA2: has been initialized
The command in this example initializes the volume mounted on
the RL02 drive DLA2. Since DLA2 is a block-addressable device
mounted with the /FOREIGN qualifier, RT-11 is the default
format. EXCHANGE physically scans all blocks of the volume,
builds a bad block replacement table, and displays a message
indicating that it failed to turn up any bad blocks.
2.EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE MTA0:/DENSITY=1600
The command in this example initializes the DOS-11 magnetic
tape volume loaded on MTA0. The density is specified as 1600
bpi; the default would have been 800 bpi for an MT drive.
3.EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE/ALLOCATION=1000 VIRTUAL
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume DRB0:[LOGIN]VIRTUAL.DSK
has been initialized
The command in this example creates a virtual device with an
allocation of 1000 blocks in the directory [LOGIN] on DRB0.
EXCHANGE applies the default file type DSK.
10 – MOUNT
Makes a foreign volume and the files or data it contains
available for processing by EXCHANGE. The EXCHANGE command MOUNT
enters the device into internal tables maintained by EXCHANGE.
Format
MOUNT device-name
MOUNT/VIRTUAL device-name file-name
10.1 – Parameters
device-name
Specifies the physical device name or logical name of the device
on which the volume is to be mounted. For MOUNT/VIRTUAL, the
device-name parameter supplies a name for the virtual device.
file-name
For MOUNT/VIRTUAL only, the file-name parameter gives the name of
the file containing the image of the foreign volume.
10.2 – Description
The EXCHANGE command MOUNT enters the description of the foreign
volume in internal tables maintained by EXCHANGE. This command is
different from the DCL command MOUNT, which enters the device in
tables maintained by the OpenVMS operating system.
A virtual volume must be explicitly mounted with the
MOUNT/VIRTUAL command.
If an EXCHANGE command is given on an unmounted foreign volume,
EXCHANGE attempts to execute an implied MOUNT/FOREIGN/WRITE-
/NODATACHECK on the device. This feature enables EXCHANGE to
operate in the single-command DCL mode.
If a MOUNT/FOREIGN (either implied or explicit) command is given
for a foreign device that has not been mounted on the OpenVMS
system, EXCHANGE issues the equivalent of the DCL command
MOUNT/FOREIGN and attempts to make the volume known to the
operating system. Any volume mounted in this way remains mounted
after EXCHANGE exits.
When EXCHANGE issues the MOUNT/FOREIGN command, the system checks
the following:
o That the device has not been allocated to another user
o That a volume is physically loaded on the specified device
o For magnetic tapes, the volume accessibility field of the VOL1
label
10.3 – Qualifiers
10.3.1 /DATA_CHECK
/DATA_CHECK[=(READ,WRITE)]
/NODATA_CHECK
Determines whether EXCHANGE performs a second operation after
every I/O operation to verify that the data was correctly
transferred. If you specify /DATA_CHECK=WRITE, after every
write operation EXCHANGE rereads the data that was just written
and compares it with the original data. If you specify /DATA_
CHECK=READ, EXCHANGE reads each block of data twice and verifies
that both read operations received identical data.
It is usually more efficient to use the /DATA_CHECK option on
the DCL command MOUNT than to use the option on the EXCHANGE
command MOUNT. If you mount a device with the DCL command
MOUNT/FOREIGN/DATA_CHECK, OpenVMS can use features in the
device hardware and device driver to perform the redundant I/O
operations.
The RX01 and RX02 diskette drives do not contain the necessary
features for the operating system to perform data checking. If
you use the DCL command MOUNT/DATA_CHECK with a diskette, the
system is unable to perform data checking (no warning message
is displayed). EXCHANGE is able to recognize, however, that a
diskette was mounted with the data checking option; in this case,
EXCHANGE performs the software data checking internally, even if
you have not specified an explicit MOUNT/DATA_CHECK command.
If you specify the /DATA_CHECK qualifier without an option, the
default is /DATA_CHECK=WRITE.
10.3.2 /FOREIGN
Indicates that the volume is not in the standard format used by
the OpenVMS operating system; that is, a magnetic tape volume
is not in the standard ANSI format, or a disk volume is not in
Files-11 format. The EXCHANGE command MOUNT mounts only foreign
volumes. The /FOREIGN qualifier is the default. You must use the
DCL command MOUNT to mount OpenVMS volumes.
The default protection applied to foreign volumes is RWLP (Read,
Write, Logical I/O, Physical I/O) for the system and owner. If
you mount a volume currently in Files-11 format with the /FOREIGN
qualifier, you must have the user privilege to override volume
protection (VOLPRO), or your UIC must match the UIC on the
volume.
10.3.3 /MESSAGE
/MESSAGE
/NOMESSAGE
Controls whether EXCHANGE displays a message indicating that the
volume was mounted. The default is determined by the /MESSAGE
qualifier specified with the EXCHANGE command when EXCHANGE was
invoked.
10.3.4 /VIRTUAL
Mounts a Files-11 file as a virtual device. When you specify
/VIRTUAL, the MOUNT command requires two parameters. The first
parameter is a device name assigned as the name of the virtual
device. The second parameter is the name of the Files-11 file
that is the image of a foreign volume.
10.3.5 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed.
10.3.6 /WRITE
/WRITE
/NOWRITE
Controls whether the volume can be written. You can specify
/NOWRITE to protect files by providing read-only access.
Specifying /NOWRITE is equivalent to write-locking the device.
The default is /WRITE. If /WRITE is specified (either explicitly
or by default) and the volume itself is write-locked, EXCHANGE
displays a message to inform you that the volume is write-locked.
10.4 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> MOUNT MT:
%EXCHANGE-I-MOUNTED, MATH06 mounted on _MTA0:
The command in this example requests that the magnetic tape
loaded on the device MTA0 be mounted as a foreign volume. The
tape label is displayed, since the tape has been previously
initialized as an ANSI-labeled tape with the label MATH06.
This tape cannot be accessed as a Files-11 tape; it should
be reinitialized as a DOS-11 tape during the current EXCHANGE
session.
2.EXCHANGE> MOUNT DMA1:
%EXCHANGE-I-WRITELOCK, volume is write-locked
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, volume DMA1: mounted
The command in this example mounts the foreign volume that is
loaded in the RK07 device DMA1, making the volume available
for subsequent EXCHANGE commands. EXCHANGE recognizes that the
volume itself is write-locked, and displays a message.
11 – RENAME
Changes the file specification of an existing file on an RT-11
volume.
Format
RENAME input-file-spec output-file-spec
11.1 – Parameters
input-file-spec
Specifies the names of one or more files whose specifications are
to be changed.
You can use wildcard characters in the file name and file type
specification; if you do, all files that satisfy the specified
fields are renamed.
output-file-spec
Provides the new file specification to be applied to the input
file. The RENAME command uses the file name and file type of the
input file specification to provide defaults for nonspecified
fields in the output file.
You can specify an asterisk (*) in place of the file name
or file type of the output file; the RENAME command uses the
corresponding field in the input file specification to name the
output file. Specifying wildcard characters in corresponding
fields of the input and output file specifications results in
multiple rename operations.
You can omit the device name from the output specification.
EXCHANGE uses the device name specified for the input, since
it is not possible to rename a file from one device to another.
11.2 – Qualifiers
11.2.1 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether the RENAME command displays the file
specification of each file that it renames. The default is
/NOLOG.
11.2.2 /PROTECT
/PROTECT
/NOPROTECT
Determines whether protection is set for an RT-11 output file.
The default is /NOPROTECT.
This qualifier is not valid for Files-11 or DOS-11 output files.
Protection attributes for Files-11 output are taken from the
current process default protection.
EXCHANGE does not attempt to transfer protection attributes
from the input file to the output file. Protection mechanisms
of various operating systems do not readily translate to one
another.
The owner UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current
process.
11.2.3 /SYSTEM
/SYSTEM
/NOSYSTEM
Controls whether the RENAME command renames files that have the
file type SYS. These files are usually files necessary for the
operation of an RT-11 system. Only RT-11 volumes handle SYS files
in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the RENAME command does not rename an
RT-11 file with the type SYS, whether it is matched by a wildcard
specification or is named explicitly. EXCHANGE displays a message
when it skips an SYS file during a rename operation.
EXCHANGE handles files with the file type BAD in a similar
manner; that is, the rename operation skips BAD files. However,
EXCHANGE does not warn that BAD files are being skipped, and the
/SYSTEM qualifier has no effect on BAD files. To rename a file
with the type BAD, specify the file explicitly instead of using
wildcards.
11.2.4 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed.
EXCHANGE supports the RENAME command on RT-11 volumes only.
11.3 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> RENAME DMA0:AVERAG.OBJ MEAN
The command in this example changes the file name of the file
AVERAG.OBJ to MEAN.OBJ.
2.EXCHANGE> RENAME DLA2:*.TXT *.OLD
The command in this example renames all files with the file
type TXT to files with the file type OLD; the file names are
not changed.
3.EXCHANGE> RENAME/LOG DMA0:DATA.* NEW
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMA0:DATA.AAA renamed to _DMA0:NEW.AAA
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMA0:DATA.BBB renamed to _DMA0:NEW.BBB
%EXCHANGE-I-RENAMED, _DMA0:DATA.CCC renamed to _DMA0:NEW.CCC
The command in this example illustrates wildcard characters in
the input file names. The device DMA0 contains three files with
the file name DATA; the result is the renaming of all three
files as displayed by the /LOG qualifier.
12 – SHOW
Displays the devices currently mounted by EXCHANGE.
Format
SHOW
12.1 – Example
EXCHANGE> MOUNT DKA0:
%EXCHANGE-I-VMSMOUNT, a "$ MOUNT /FOREIGN DKA0:" command was done
by Exchange
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, the RT-11 volume _DKA0: has been mounted
EXCHANGE> MOUNT DLA2:
%EXCHANGE-I-VMSMOUNT, a "$ MOUNT /FOREIGN DLA2:" command was done
by Exchange
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTED, the RT-11 volume _DLA2: has been mounted
EXCHANGE> INITIALIZE/CREATE WRKD:[USER]VIRT.DSK
%EXCHANGE-S-INITIALIZED, the RT-11 volume WRKD:[USER]VIRT.DSK;1
has been initialized
EXCHANGE> MOUNT/VIRTUAL DISK: VIRT.DSK
%EXCHANGE-S-MOUNTVER, the RT-11 volume DISK: has been mounted
using the file WRKD:[USER]VIRT.DSK;1
EXCHANGE> SHOW
Mounted volumes:
volume format: RT-11
volume class: disk (virtual volume)
virtual file name: WRKD:[USER]VIRT.DSK;1
volume size: 494 blocks
_DLA2:
volume format: RT-11
volume class: disk
physical device name: _DLA2:
volume size: 20480 blocks
_DKA0:
volume format: RT-11
volume class: disk
physical device name: _DKA0:
volume size: 65535 blocks
EXCHANGE>
The MOUNT commands in this example mount foreign devices on
drives DKA0 and DLA2. The SHOW command displays all devices
currently mounted by EXCHANGE.
13 – TYPE
Displays the contents of a file or group of files on the current
output device.
Format
TYPE file-spec[, . . . ]
13.1 – Parameters
file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If
you specify more than one input file, separate them with either
commas or plus signs. You can specify standard OpenVMS wildcards
in file names, both Files-11 and foreign. You can use wildcard
directories with Files-11 and DOS-11 input.
The syntax for the file names is dependent on the particular
volume format option present or implied.
13.2 – Qualifiers
13.2.1 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether TYPE displays the file specifications of each
file displayed.
If you specify /LOG, the TYPE command displays the following for
each copy operation:
o File specifications of the input and output files
o Number of blocks or the number of records copied (depending on
whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or record-by-
record basis)
13.2.2 /RECORD_FORMAT
/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, . . . ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file and other
attributes of the records.
13.2.3 /REWIND
/REWIND
/NOREWIND
Controls whether the DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically
rewinds to the beginning-of-tape mark before EXCHANGE searches
for the file name given in the input specifier.
Use this qualifier only for DOS-11 magnetic tape devices. The
default is /NOREWIND; you should use /REWIND when you want TYPE
to start searching for a file at the beginning of the magnetic
tape rather than at the current position.
13.2.4 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The
default format qualifier is dependent on the device type.
13.3 – Example
EXCHANGE> TYPE DYA0:BEAM.RAT/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11/RECORD=STREAM
The command in this example copies the RT-11 file to the
current SYS$OUTPUT device. The two qualifiers are the defaults
if DYA0 was mounted as a foreign volume.
14 /NETWORK
Enables the operating system to transfer files to or from
operating systems that do not support OpenVMS file organizations.
The transfer occurs over a DECnet network communications link
that connects OpenVMS systems and non OpenVMS operating system
nodes.
Using DECnet services, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command can perform
any of the following tasks:
o Transfer files between an OpenVMS node and a non OpenVMS
system node.
o Transfer a group of input files to a group of output files.
o Transfer files between two non OpenVMS nodes, provided those
nodes share DECnet connections with the OpenVMS node that
issues the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command.
Format
EXCHANGE/NETWORK input-filespec[,...] output-filespec
14.1 – Parameters
input-filespec[,...]
Specifies the name of an existing file to be transferred. The
asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters are
allowed. If you specify more than one file, separate the file
specifications with commas (,).
output-filespec
Specifies the name of the output file into which the input is
transferred.
You must specify at least one field in the output file
specification. If you omit the device or directory, your current
default device and directory are used. The EXCHANGE/NETWORK
command replaces any other missing fields (file name, file type,
and version number) with the corresponding field of the input
file specification.
The EXCHANGE/NETWORK command creates a new output file for every
input file that you specify.
You can use the asterisk (*) wildcard character in place
of the file name, the file type, or the version number. The
EXCHANGE/NETWORK command uses the corresponding field in the
related input file to name the output file. You can also use the
asterisk (*) wildcard character in the output file specification
to direct EXCHANGE/NETWORK to create more than one output file.
For example:
$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK A.A,B.B MYPC::*.C
This EXCHANGE/NETWORK command creates the files A.C and B.C at
the non OpenVMS target node MYPC.
A more complete explanation of the asterisk (*) and the percent
sign (%) wildcard characters and version numbers follows in the
Description section.
14.2 – Qualifiers
14.2.1 /BACKUP
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the
/SINCE qualifier. The /BACKUP qualifier selects files according
to the dates of their most recent backups. This qualifier
is incompatible with the /CREATED, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.2 /BEFORE
/BEFORE[=time]
Selects only those files dated prior to the specified time. You
can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of absolute
and delta times, or as one of the following keywords: BOOT,
LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY. Specify one of
the following qualifiers with the /BEFORE qualifier to indicate
the time attribute to be used as the basis for selection:
/BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.
For complete information about specifying time values, see the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.
14.2.3 /BY_OWNER
/BY_OWNER[=uic]
Selects only those files whose owner user identification code
(UIC) matches the specified owner UIC. The default UIC is that of
the current process.
Specify the UIC by using standard UIC format as described in the
HP OpenVMS Guide to System Security.
14.2.4 /CONFIRM
/CONFIRM
/NOCONFIRM (default)
Controls whether a request is issued before each file transfer
operation to confirm that the operation should be performed on
that file. The following responses are valid:
YES NO QUIT
TRUE FALSE Ctrl/Z
1 0 ALL
<Return>
You can use any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters
for word responses. Word responses can be abbreviated to one or
more letters (for example, T, TR, or TRU for TRUE), but these
abbreviations must be unique. Affirmative answers are YES, TRUE,
and 1. Negative answers include: NO, FALSE, 0, and pressing
Return. Entering QUIT or pressing Ctrl/Z indicates that you want
to stop processing the command at that point. When you respond by
entering ALL, the command continues to process, but no further
prompts are given. If you type a response other than one of
those in the list, DCL issues an error message and redisplays
the prompt.
14.2.5 /CREATED
/CREATED (default)
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /CREATED qualifier selects files based on their
dates of creation. This qualifier is incompatible with the
/BACKUP, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow
you to select files according to time attributes. If you do not
specify any of these four time qualifiers, the default is the
/CREATED qualifier.
14.2.6 /EXCLUDE
/EXCLUDE=(filespec[,...])
Excludes the specified files from the file transfer operation.
You can include a directory but not a device in the file
specification. The asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%)
wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification;
however, you cannot use relative version numbers to exclude a
specific version. If you specify only one file, you can omit the
parentheses.
14.2.7 /EXPIRED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /EXPIRED qualifier selects files according to
their expiration dates. (The expiration date is set with the
SET FILE/EXPIRATION_DATE command.) The /EXPIRED qualifier
is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /MODIFIED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.8 /FDL
/FDL=fdl-filespec
Specifies that the output file characteristics are described
in the File Definition Language (FDL) file. Use this qualifier
when you require special output file characteristics. For more
information about FDL files, see the OpenVMS Record Management
Utilities Reference Manual.
Use of the /FDL qualifier implies that the transfer mode is
block by block; however, the transfer mode you specify with the
/TRANSFER_MODE qualifier prevails.
14.2.9 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG (default)
Controls whether the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command displays the file
specifications of each file copied.
When you use the /LOG qualifier, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command
displays the following for each copy operation:
o The file specifications of the input and output files
o The number of blocks or the number of records copied
(depending on whether the file is copied on a block-by-block
or record-by-record basis)
14.2.10 /MODIFIED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /MODIFIED qualifier selects files according to
the date on which they were last modified. This time qualifier
is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /EXPIRED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.11 /SINCE
/SINCE[=time]
Selects only those files dated on or after the specified time.
You can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of
absolute and delta times, or as one of the following keywords:
BOOT, JOB_LOGIN, LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY.
Specify one of the following time qualifiers with the /SINCE
qualifier to indicate the time attribute to be used as the
basis for selection: /BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or
/MODIFIED.
For complete information about specifying time values, see the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.
14.2.12 /STYLE
/STYLE=keyword
Specifies the file name format for display purposes.
The valid keywords for this qualifier are CONDENSED and EXPANDED.
Descriptions are as follows:
Keyword Explanation
CONDENSED Displays the file name representation of what is
(default) generated to fit into a 255-length character string.
This file name may contain a DID or FID abbreviation
in the file specification.
EXPANDED Displays the file name representation of what is
stored on disk. This file name does not contain any
DID or FID abbreviations.
The keywords CONDENSED and EXPANDED are mutually exclusive. This
qualifier specifies which file name format is displayed in the
output message, along with the confirmation if requested.
File errors are displayed with the CONDENSED file specification
unless the EXPANDED keyword is specified.
See the HP OpenVMS System Manager's Manual, Volume 1: Essentials
for more information.
14.2.13 /SYMLINK
/SYMLINK=keyword
The valid keywords for this qualifier are [NO]WILDCARD and
[NO]ELLIPSIS. Descriptions are as follows:
Keyword Explanation
WILDCARD Indicates that symlinks are enabled during wildcard
searches.
NOWILDCARD Indicates that symlinks are disabled during directory
wildcard searches.
ELLIPSIS Equivalent to WILDCARD (included for command
symmetry).
NOELLIPSIS Indicates that symlinks are matched for all wildcard
fields except for ellipsis.
If the file named in the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command is a symlink,
the command operates on the symlink target.
14.2.14 /TRANSFER_MODE
/TRANSFER_MODE=option
Specifies the I/O method to be used in the transfer. This
qualifier is useful for all file formats. You can specify any
one of the following options:
Option Function
AUTOMATIC Allows the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command to
determine the appropriate transfer mode.
This is the default transfer mode.
BLOCK Opens both the input and output files for
block I/O and transfers the files block by
block.
CONVERT[=option[,...]]Reads records from the input file, packs
them into blocks, and writes them to the
output file in block mode. The options
listed in the following table determine
what additional information is inserted
during the transfer.
RECORD Opens both the input and output files for
record I/O and transfers the files record
by record. The target system must support
record operations, and the input file must
be record oriented.
The following four options are available with the CONVERT
transfer mode to control the insertion of special characters
in the records:
Option Function
CARRIAGE_CONTROL Any carriage control information in the
input file is interpreted, expanded into
actual characters, and included with each
record.
COUNTED The length of each record, in bytes, is
included at the beginning of the record.
The length includes all FIXED_CONTROL,
CARRIAGE_CONTROL, and RECORD_SEPARATOR
information in each record.
FIXED_CONTROL All variable length with fixed control
record (VFC) information is written to
the output file as part of the data. This
information follows the record length
information, if the COUNTED option was
specified.
RECORD_SEPARATOR= A 1- or 2-byte record separator is inserted
separator between each record. Record separator
characters are the last characters in the
record. The three choices for separator
characters are as follows:
o CR: Specifies carriage return only.
o LF: Specifies line feed only.
o CRLF: Specifies carriage return and line
feed.
14.3 – Examples
1.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK VMS_FILE.DAT KUDOS::FOREIGN_SYS.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file VMS_FILE.DAT located in the current default device and
directory to the file FOREIGN_SYS.DAT on the non OpenVMS node
KUDOS. Because the /TRANSFER_MODE qualifier was not explicitly
specified, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command automatically
determines whether the transfer method should be block or
record I/O.
2.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK/TRANSFER_MODE=BLOCK -
_$ KUDOS::FOREIGN_SYS.DAT VMS_FILE.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file FOREIGN_SYS.DAT from the non OpenVMS node KUDOS to the
file VMS_FILE.DAT in the current default device and directory.
Block I/O is specified for the transfer mode.
3.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK/FDL=VMS_FILE_DEFINITION.FDL -
_$ KUDOS::REMOTE_FILE.TXT VMS_FILE.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file REMOTE_FILE.TXT on node KUDOS to the file VMS_FILE.DAT.
The file attributes for the output file VMS_FILE.DAT are
obtained from the File Definition Language (FDL) source
file VMS_FILE_DEFINITION.FDL. Because the qualifier /FDL is
specified and the /TRANSFER_MODE qualifier is omitted, the
transfer mode uses block I/O, by default.
For more information about creating FDL files, see the OpenVMS
Record Management Utilities Reference Manual.
4.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK -
_$ /TRANSFER_MODE=CONVERT=(CARRIAGE_CONTROL,COUNTED, -
_$ RECORD_SEPARATOR=CRLF,FIXED_CONTROL) -
_$ PRINT_FILE.TXT KUDOS::*
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file PRINT_FILE.TXT from the current default device and
directory to the file PRINT_FILE.TXT on the non OpenVMS node
KUDOS. The use of the CONVERT option with the /TRANSFER_MODE
qualifier forces the input file to be read in record by record,
modified as specified by the CONVERT options that follow, and
written to the output file block by block. As many records as
will fit are packed into the output blocks.
The CONVERT option CARRIAGE_CONTROL specifies that carriage
control information is converted to ASCII characters and
inserted before the data or appended to the record, depending
on whether prefix control or postfix control, or both, are
used.
The CONVERT option FIXED_CONTROL specifies that any fixed
control information be translated to ASCII characters and
inserted at the beginning of the record.
The CONVERT option RECORD_SEPARATOR=CRLF appends the two
specified characters, carriage return and line feed, to the
end of the record.
The CONVERT option COUNTED specifies that the total length
of the record must be counted (once the impact of all the
previous convert options have been added), and the result is
to be inserted at the beginning of the record, in the first 2
bytes.